{"id":6886,"date":"2025-05-30T11:23:27","date_gmt":"2025-05-30T17:23:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.crpa-acrp-bulletin.ca\/?p=6886"},"modified":"2025-05-30T11:23:27","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T17:23:27","slug":"pionniers-et-pionnieres-en-matiere-de-radioactivite-au-canada-partie-1-harriet-brooks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.crpa-acrp-bulletin.ca\/fr\/2025\/05\/30\/pionniers-et-pionnieres-en-matiere-de-radioactivite-au-canada-partie-1-harriet-brooks\/","title":{"rendered":"Pionniers et pionni\u00e8res en mati\u00e8re de radioactivit\u00e9 au Canada \u2013 Partie 1 : Harriet Brooks"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Most of us working in the fields of radiological protection or radon know that we owe much of our knowledge to the work of pioneering research scientists, many of whom literally gave their lives to advance our understanding of the mysterious nature of radioactive particles. Indeed, many of these scientists are household names\u2014Marie and Pierre Curie, Henri Becquerel, Wilhelm Rontgen, and many others.<\/p>\n

What many of us may not realize is just how much we owe to researchers working right here in Canada. From the late 1800s to today, Canada has been at the forefront of radiological research and nuclear science. In this series of articles, we will explore some of the researchers and developments that set the stage for the fields of work we know today. What better place to start than with Harriet Brooks, Canada\u2019s first female nuclear physicist.<\/p>\n

Harriet was born in Exeter, ON, in 1876. She studied at McGill University in Montreal, receiving the first master\u2019s degree in physics awarded to a woman by the institution. While at McGill, she joined Ernest Rutherford\u2019s experimental physics research lab, where she studied the \u201cemanations\u201d of radioactive substances such as thorium.[1]<\/a>\u00a0At the time, it wasn\u2019t known if these emanations were a gas, a vapour, or fine particles. Harriet\u2019s work proved that the emanations were, in fact, gaseous, yet not a gaseous form of the element they\u2019d come from. In the case of thorium, the gas was radon; Harriet was the first person to characterize it, estimating its molecular weight and measuring its decay.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Further experiments showed that radon, in turn, transformed on its own into yet another element. This phenomenon was initially called \u201ctransmutation of the elements,\u201d but is now known as radioactive decay.[2]<\/a>\u00a0Harriet discovered that there are sequential releases of radiation when uranium or thorium decay. Ernest Rutherford based his 1904 Bakerian lecture on this finding and gave due credit to Harriet for her contributions.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Harriet was known for being very thorough, which made her perfectly suited for research in nuclear physics.[3]<\/a>\u00a0Her careful observations led to the discovery of the atomic recoil phenomenon in 1904. However, this concept would not be fully understood until several years after Harriet\u2019s initial discovery, at which point it was used by researchers to separate daughter elements during radioactive decay sequences.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

The discoveries made during Harriet\u2019s time are fundamental to the entire field of nuclear science that we know today. The research that Harriet was a part of earned Ernest Rutherford a Nobel Prize in Chemistry \u201cfor his investigations into the disintegration of the elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances\u201d in 1908.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Throughout the course of her academic career, Harriet won many awards, including multiple fellowships. Her abilities took her to the United States and Europe, including some time conducting research with the famous Marie Curie at the Institut du Radium in Paris.<\/p>\n

Despite her obvious intellect and abilities, and the respect and collaboration of her colleagues, Harriet had to battle against the prevailing gender roles of the time. When she became engaged while teaching at Barnard College, her dean made it clear she was expected to resign once she was married. Harriet wrote a stirring reply, stating \u201cit is a duty I owe to my profession and to my sex to show that a woman has the right to the practice of her profession and cannot be condemned to abandon it merely because she marries.\u201d[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

While Harriet called off that engagement (and also left the college) at the age of 31, she did ultimately choose marriage and domestic life over her research career. She died at the age of 56, likely as a result of radiation exposure. In an obituary written by Ernest Rutherford, he stated that \u201cnext to Mme Curie, she was the most pre-eminent woman physicist in the department of radioactivity.\u201d[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Harriet\u2019s contributions were honoured during her lifetime by her peers, who credited her contributions to their work, offered her fellowships, and sought her out as a research partner. Posthumously, she has been inducted into the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame, as well as honoured by Women in Nuclear (WiN Canada), who have named an award after her.[6]<\/a>\u00a0Today, we honour her as a pioneer, not only of nuclear physics, but of women in science as well.<\/p>\n

References:<\/b><\/h2>\n

[1] <\/a>Rayner-Canham, M., & Rayner-Canham, G. (2016). Brooks, Harriet. Dictionary of Canadian Biography<\/i>. https:\/\/www.biographi.ca\/en\/bio\/brooks_harriet_16E.html<\/a><\/p>\n

[2] <\/a>Canada Science and Technology Museum. (2014). Harriet Brooks Pitcher 1876-1933<\/i>. http:\/\/www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca\/ENGLISH\/about\/hallfame\/u_i31_e.cfm; archived at\u00a0Wayback Machine. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140804095717\/http:\/www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca\/ENGLISH\/about\/hallfame\/u_i31_e.cfm<\/a><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Chang-Yen Phillips, C. (2017, March 13). Canada wasn\u2019t ready for unsung physicist Harriet Brooks \u2014 and it\u2019s our loss. Canada 2017<\/i>. https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/2017\/canada-wasn-t-ready-for-unsung-physicist-harriet-brooks-and-it-s-our-loss-1.4014177<\/a><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>The Nobel Prize. (n.d.). Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908<\/i>. https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/chemistry\/1908\/summary\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Tufford, A. (2020, March 3). Harriet Brooks. The Encyclopedia of Canada<\/i>. https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harriet-brooks#:~:text=Harriet%20Brooks%20made%20important%20contributions,first%20Canadian%20female%20nuclear%20physicist<\/a><\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Women in Nuclear. (n.d.). Harriet Brooks Award<\/i>. https:\/\/womeninnuclear.com\/programs-services\/harriet-brooks-award\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h2>\n
\n

Voici le premier d\u2019une s\u00e9rie d\u2019articles qui exploreront certains des chercheurs et des d\u00e9veloppements qui ouvrent la voie au domaine de la radioprotection que nous connaissons aujourd\u2019hui. Quoi de mieux pour commencer que Harriet Brooks, la premi\u00e8re physicienne nucl\u00e9aire! Les recherches auxquelles elle a particip\u00e9 ont valu \u00e0 Ernest Rutherford un prix Nobel de chimie et il a dit que Harriet \u00e9tait, avec Mme Currie, la plus grande physicienne et sp\u00e9cialiste de la radioactivit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

\"ErinErin Curry<\/h2>\n

Erin est ing\u00e9nieure m\u00e9canique et dirigeait auparavant sa propre entreprise d\u2019inspection de b\u00e2timents et de mesure du radon. Elle est pr\u00e9sentement directrice r\u00e9gionale de l\u2019Association canadienne des scientifiques et des technologues en radon (ACSTR) et chef de projet du programme \u00ab Occupe-toi du radon \u00bb. Pour soutenir les membres de l\u2019ACSTR, Erin apporte une richesse de connaissances et d\u2019exp\u00e9riences pratiques. Localis\u00e9e pr\u00e8s de Montr\u00e9al, au Qu\u00e9bec, Erin est la ressource francophone pour toutes les initiatives de l\u2019ACSTR.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n

\"\"Anne-Marie Nicol<\/h2>\n

Anne-Marie est professeure adjointe \u00e0 la facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la sant\u00e9 de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Simon Fraser, responsable de l\u2019\u00e9valuation des risques et de l\u2019application des connaissances et chercheuse en sant\u00e9 environnementale au BC Centre for Disease Control. Ses travaux sont multidisciplinaires et touchent les domaines de l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie, de la toxicologie, du marketing social, de la perception des risques et de l\u2019\u00e9valuation des risques. Ses domaines d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat particuliers sont l\u2019exposition environnementale et professionnelle ayant une incidence sur la sant\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

Vous voulez lire d\u2019autres articles comme celui-ci ?<\/h2>\n

Le\u00a0Bulletin<\/em> de l\u2019Association canadienne de la radioprotection (ACRP) est une publication essentielle \u00e0 tout professionnel de la radioprotection du Canada. Son contenu \u00e9ditorial procure aux professionnels de la radioprotection les enseignements, l\u2019information, les conseils et les solutions utiles, tous n\u00e9cessaires pour demeurer \u00e0 l\u2019avant-garde de la profession.<\/p>\n

Abonnez-vous aujourd\u2019hui pour que nous vous envoyions un courriel chaque fois qu\u2019un nouveau num\u00e9ro est mis en ligne. Revisitez souvent le site entre chaque num\u00e9ro pour obtenir les mises \u00e0 jour et consulter de nouveaux articles.<\/p>\n

Ne ratez aucun num\u00e9ro. Abonnez-vous d\u00e8s aujourd\u2019hui !<\/p>\nAbonnez-vous<\/span><\/a>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Voici le premier d\u2019une s\u00e9rie d\u2019articles qui exploreront certains des chercheurs et des d\u00e9veloppements qui ouvrent la voie au domaine de la radioprotection que nous connaissons aujourd\u2019hui. Nous commen\u00e7ons avec Harriet Brooks, la premi\u00e8re physicienne nucl\u00e9aire au Canada.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":154,"featured_media":6878,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6886","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles-fr"],"yoast_head":"\nPionniers et pionni\u00e8res en mati\u00e8re de radioactivit\u00e9 au Canada \u2013 Partie 1 : Harriet Brooks - CRPA-ACRP Bulletin<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Un profil de Harriet Brooks, la premi\u00e8re physicienne nucl\u00e9aire au Canada, est le premier d\u2019une s\u00e9rie d\u2019articles explorant les premiers chercheurs en radioprotection et leurs d\u00e9veloppements.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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